The Petersons Home ICT Devices Free Essays

The Petersons have a limited amount of equipment in their homes and all the items are unsuitable for the family. Here is a conclusion as to why the devices are unsuitable, and how the situation could be improved. The family is equipt with a Pentium II computer with a 32mb of ram, a 2Gb hard drive and a 2mb graphics card. We will write a custom essay sample on The Petersons Home ICT Devices or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is very unsuitable for this busy family as the computer would be extremely slow and has very little space to install new programs and save the documents the family would need. This is a very old type of computer, and would not be able to run some of the latest software. A faster, and more update computer, such as a Pentium 4 Processor would be much more appropriate for this family. With the computer is a 14-inch monitor capable of 640 x 480 screen resolutions, which is also inappropriate for the likes of this family. A 14-inch screen is very small and most of the more dated computer monitors are less able to adjust. With a low and small screen could cause health problems for the family, such as neck and back pains. The low screen resolutions would be a problem when trying to run newer software, which needs a higher resolution. A more suitable choice would be a larger, and higher resolution screen, and possibly flat screen too. The computer has a black and white dot matrix printer, which is very unsuitable for members of the family who wish to print documents in colour. Dot matrix printers produce a low quality print too, the document may seem unclear and patchy compared to a laser colour printer, which would be more advisable for the families needs. The computer only has a 28k modem that is not capable of sending faxes. The most obvious disadvantage to this is that the family cannot send faxes form the home office. However, with a 28k modem, the computer would also have ridiculously slow Internet connection. Most computers on sale at the moment have a modem included in the package, however they can be bought. The standard modem is 56k, which would provide fast access to the Internet. Windows 95, and Office 95 are both very dated versions and desperately need to be updated. The setup would be slow and unable to cope with large quantities of data and the users would be restricted on what software they could use. Office 95 would have a very limited amount of programs available, and would not satisfy all the day-to-day needs of a family. Most new computers come with Windows XP, which would mean a fast setup and more programs available for the family to use. The family only have floppy disks as a backup for the computer, which is an unwise choice. If the computer fails, and the disks cannot be located or the disk does not work, it is sure that the data will be lost. However, a larger problem would be fitting large files onto a floppy disk, which has on a 1.4k capacity, which would not be enough for the likes of graphics files, or picture files that are very large. Also, if there is a large amount of data to be stored, one would have to use many disks to store all the information, this may make the data hard to locate. A more ideal solution would be to store the information on re-writable disks, which store a large amount of data. However, this would also mean the family would need to invest in a CD-ROM drive, which now comes free in addition with all computers sold. With no gaming equipment the family would be unable to play games to their full satisfaction, or in some cases, the game may not run at all. This would mean that the computer could not be used as a gaming machine. There is a lot of gaming equipment available at the moment, but the most popular is a Joystick, which is useful for the majority of games. Many games and programs that are on the market have sound features for added effect. Of course with no speakers attached to the computer, no sound can be heard. This is a problem for interactive programs, where instructions are given verbally. Also, watching DVD’s, or listening to music form CD’s or MP3’s is impossible. With no speakers, you also cannot use recording equipment such as microphones, as there will be no feedback. All modern computers now come with a speaker sound system, sometimes including sub-woofer, but they can also be sold separately. The family have access to a standard TV with no digital capacity and an analogue satellite receiver. This means that the family can only pick up some satellite and analogue stations that are broadcasted. The digital channels would not be available on the television or via the satellite, as they have no digital capacity. The family could invest in a digital decoder or a new television with digital capacity. If the family bought a digital decoder, then they would not be able to interact with some of the features available on the channels, however with a new television, or a digital channel receiver, the family would be able to interact. There is an old hifi which has no CD player, or mini disc player, which is not suitable for this family. Most music on sale at the moment is sold on CD; therefore it may be hard to get hold of music on cassette or record. Cassettes and records produce a low quality of sound, and are not as reliable as a CD. More and more records are now becoming available on mini discs, which are compact, and can store a lot of music, and record music easily, also providing quality sound. All good stereo systems come complete with a CD player, and some with minidisk players, along with tape players and radios. How to cite The Petersons Home ICT Devices, Papers

Origins Approaches Early Childhood Practice -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Origins Approaches Early Childhood Practice? Answer: Introducation Teaching requires a lot of dedication as it is influenced by the personal experiences of the individual involved. The childhood practices and cultures of a person greatly influences their way of teaching and influencing the development of their students. Childhood learning and development requires guidance from the teachers to give the child a platform to grow and learn. Creativity is an important part of learning which can be developed by getting inspirations from personal experiences and the environment around the children. Reflect personal values to teaching practice Children have different abilities of learning languages and other aspects of early cognitive skills depending on their ages, social exposure and support from their parents and teachers. My childhood experience was quite tough when it came to the learning of languages as compared to that of my age mates. The main reason as to why I was slow on developing my cognitive skills is because I had some health complications as a child and I could therefore not interact well with other children on the playground and other outdoor activities. The first year of school was therefore difficult as my classmates already understood languages while I was still lagging behind. However as I began interacting with people, frequent use of learning materials like story books and paying attention to the teachers, I then began to develop my skills(Podmore, 2006). Today as a teacher, I can use my story and childhood experiences to ensure that I give excellent services to my children in school. I usually deal with each student independently as I understand that they all have different abilities in developing their learning and language skills. Thanks to my early values and experiences, I can help other children develop their cognitive skills and manage to succeed in their studies just like I did. A teachers main function is to attain balance in a classroom and I always find it easy to do that since I look at the strengths and weaknesses of each student and help them get out of their shell and excel(Claiborne, 2015). I find my teaching practice closely related to my early experiences with teacher and I can admit that those are my main inspirations to the teacher I am today. Culture and identity influence to practice While growing up, there are some activities that I considered to be part of my culture as a child and they up to date affect my personality as a teacher. When I was in elementary school, my teachers were very strict in the aspects of classroom behavior and outdoor activities. My teacher used to punish us when we misbehaved in class or went outside to play without permission(Vandell, 2010). I grew up knowing that a teacher should be respected and even to some extent feared because failure to which there were consequences that one would face. I was usually very observant of the instructions that teachers gave in class to ensure that I followed all the rules and avoided punishments. Somehow from all these believes and identities that I posses from my childhood still follow me through my career practice. I always want my class to be organized and well behaved just as I saw back in the day. I believe that a teacher should take control of his or her class and I therefore enforce rules that each students should follow regardless of their age or social status. The first step to learning is organization and adherence to instructions(Nuttall, 2003). Although I am usually easy on the laws, I make sure that every student knows their purpose in class and respect those in authority. Curriculum approaches (include Te Wh?riki) The curriculum for children differs from the other subject schedules and it is called Te Whariki. This kind of program has been endorsed by the ministry of education in Newzealand to help children grow better. As a teacher, I use the Te Whaniki to connect a childs learning procedure with what they experience at home and in the community. Some experiences especially at family level might have a great influence in the learning process of a child(Te One, 2003). I therefore learn more about the background of my children and treat them in accordance to their experiences. I had a perfect relationship with my family members and that positively influenced my ability to learn faster. The same experience is also helping me support the children in class despite of their relationships with the community. Theoretical perspectives As a teacher I have to apply the different perspectives of learning to ensure that all the aspects of a child are all taken into consideration. Cognitivism is a main aspect in learning as it involves the building of the mind and knowledge acquisition skills. A child starts to shoe behavioral changes in the way they conduct their usual activities and a teacher should therefore do a follow up to ensure that the students are changing towards the positive direction. Constructivism theory looks at learning in such a perspective that an individual should take their cultural experiences as stepping stones to development(Korthagen, 2004). I find it easier to reflect back to my life and make certain hard decisions in my profession as a teacher. I can now be able to involve my students in the development process by encouraging them to be proud of their experiences as they teach important lessons. Pedagogies that support your practice As a teacher, an individual should be able to apply different methods if teaching to make their practice better. I personally believe in disparities when it comes to the abilities of learning for different people. I therefore use differentiation and experimental approaches of teaching to promote learning and understanding. I try as much as possible to ensure that the different children in a class get specialized attention so that it can be easy to identify their strengths and use them to promote learning(Jeffrey, 2006). Experiments make learning entertaining and involving for both the students and teachers and hence promote comprehension. Experiences and resources you will offer young children I find it easier as a teacher to use my experiences or those of others and resources like books and videos to teach as it reduces the effort of teaching and also enhance comprehending on the part of the child. Children understand and remember better if they are taught using real life experiences. Leaning is a continuous process that should continue making progress on a day to day basis. The resources provided to children include books with exiting stories which attracts their attention and hence making them read more which in the long run develops their language learning. Continuous reading makes the children become more conversant with a particular language. The Creative world is of importance when an individual is growing up as it promotes their physical abilities to face the later part of their lives with confidence. Since I was not medically allowed to engage in most outdoor activities like running around and getting my hands dirty, I found myself more interested in imaginative activities like the arts. It was a good exposure for my personality because some of those activities place a great role in my life today(Borko, 2004). I was good at dressing up the playing dolls and I would find myself designing some dresses for them to look better than they were bought. I also grew interest in the performing arts whereby I would copy the singers on TV, dress like them and hold spoon as a microphone against a mirror. I was also good at coordinating my friends into conducting our activities and that gave me the team leading spirit. Thanks to all that, my teaching experience is much more natural as there are skills I acquired from an early age. I am able to help students make their art crafts as I have the passion to see something creative and different(McArdle, 2012). I also have built in confidence to stand in front of students and teach them on how to develop their learning abilities. Finally my organizational skills are helpful in such a way that I can ensure for harmony in the class which ensures for effective learning. How children make meaning of their world through visual and performing arts (consider the background and culture of children). The world is full of new things each day which are covered in the context of performing and visual arts. Children involve themselves in imagination activities which change their view about the environment around them as they begin seeing their imaginations around them(In Clark, 2013). If for example kids are involved in drawing and watercolor painting, they can now see the beauty of colors around them and appreciate nature more than ever before. The backgrounds of children determine the things that they are likely to create as part of their creative projects whether in school or at home(Wright, 2015). Those from violent homes might be seen drawing scary or ugly images unlike those who have good experiences as they might draw big smiles or a happy. It is therefore up to the teacher to help the children use creative arts to express their feelings instead of letting issues affecting them to have a negative impact. Maori perspectives The environment is a great inspiration when it comes to gathering of ideas for creativity development. Following the Maori perspectives, the school environment should be a step that helps students develop their ideas for their creative and performance arts(Wright S. S., 2007). It is the greatest thing that a teacher can do by encouraging students to get inspiration from the environment around them. I always take my children outside and ask them to look around then think of something that that inspires them to be creative. I tell them that everything even the most usual activities around the school environment can create an idea of the arts. Pacific Nations perspectives The theory emphasizes on the development of social and emotional status of students during learning. Each students emotional and social backgrounds affects their ability to learn and be creative at the same time. I therefore give my input as a teacher to encourage the children to accept their backgrounds and use them for the benefit of learning(Blaiklock, 2010). The extra experience whether good or bad give a child a platform to rise up and work even harder to overcome their past. I encourage children to use all their life experiences as inspirations to their visual and performance arts as it gives a personalized view of their work. Theoretical perspectives A creative mind should be natured to always grow towards the positive direction and the best way to help children develop their creativity is by differentiation. Every child is different in their way of thinking and exploring activities. It is therefore important as a teacher to watch them closely and encourage each one of them to be creative in their own way(Littlefield-Cook, 2005). I usually meet so many crazy ideas in the art classes and try my best to understand the intention of the child from a different perspective then encourage them to keep on exploring that subject. Experiences and resources you will offer young children Learning of visual and performing arts requires some inspirations and specific resources to help children express their thoughts in a more creative and physical method. It is important to consider that the subjects of creative arts are around us in every day to day activity we conduct(Davies, 2013). As a teacher, I ensure that children can relate their personal activities and experiences in their creative ideas. It is good to encourage kids to draw their ideas from the close world other than a world that does not exist. I also organize so as to help children create more arts by providing them with the required materials like pencil, paper, mirrors, colors and many others. The teachers role (including pedagogies and teaching strategies) in supporting childrens creativity Creativity is an important tool in learning and should always be encouraged in all situations to ensure that they learn to take different approaches to life. It is the teachers role to ensure that children discover their creative world and use it to the benefit of their learning. The best thing a for a teacher is to create an emotional connection in class as it gives the students a chance to think deeper. I therefore try to give the children topics like domestic violence or love as they already experience these feeling and are more likely to think more and be creative. I also create a conducive, safe classroom whereby students can take risks with their creativity and explore different mentalities. In conclusion, learning is a continuous process but the start is the most important as it ensures that the future can also be bright. It is therefore important to ensure that individuals are passionate and experienced enough to become teachers as they play a great role in childhood development and learning of their students(Hattie, 2003). References Blaiklock, K. (2010). e Wh?riki, the New Zealand early childhood curriculum: Is it effective?. . International Journal of Early Years Education, , 18(3), 201-212. Borko, H. (2004). Professional development and teacher learning: Mapping the terrain. . Educational researcher, , 33(8), 3-15. Claiborne, L. B. (2015). Shaking up human development: A reflection from Aotearoa New Zealand on Ericas Burmans contribution. . Feminism Psychology, , 25(3), 381-387. Davies, D. J.-S. (2013). Creative learning environments in educationA systematic literature review. . Thinking Skills and Creativity , 8, 80-91. Hattie, J. (2003). Teachers Make a Difference, What is the research evidence?. In Clark, B. I. (2013). Arts in early childhood education: Kia tipu te wairua toi : fostering the creative spirit. Jeffrey, B. (2006). Creative teaching and learning: towards a common discourse and practice. Cambridge Journal of Education , 36(3), 399-414. Korthagen, F. A. (2004). In search of the essence of a good teacher: Towards a more holistic approach in teacher education. . Teaching and teacher education, , 20(1), 77-97. Littlefield-Cook, J. C. (2005). Child development: Principles and perspectives . (Vol. 55, pp. 23-38). McArdle, F. (2012). The visual arts: Ways of seeing. Children, meaning-making and the art , 30-56. Nuttall, J. G. (2003). Weaving Te Wh?riki: Aotearoa New Zealand's early childhood curriculum document in theory and practice. Wellington: New Zealand Council for Educational Research. Podmore, V. N. (2006). Observation: Origins and approaches to early childhood research and practice. . Wellington: N.Z: NZCER Press. Te One, S. (2003). The context for Te Whariki. Weaving Te Whariki: Aotearoa New Zealand's early childhood curriculum document in themes and practice. 17-49. Vandell, D. L. (2010). Do effects of early child care extend to age 15 years? Results from the NICHD study of early child care and youth development. . Child development , 81(3), 737-756. Wright, S. (2015). Children, meaning-making and the arts. . Pearson Higher Education AU. Wright, S. S. (2007). Young childrens meaning-making through drawing and telling: Analogies to filmic textual features

Impact of Computerization on Business Performance in Nigeria Challenges and Prospect Essay Example

Impact of Computerization on Business Performance in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospect Essay Computer continues to play an ever-increasing role both in our everyday lives and in organisation of all types. Within these organisations the impact of computerisation results in tremendous change and presents management in many situations with one of the most difficult of all contemporary challenges. Over the last decade, the rise in the importance of information and knowledge for business activity has become phenomenal (Marji and Philip, 2005). Information is now critical for the management and growth of business value. Knowledge about competitors and customers is essential to understand the future direction of business development. Few individuals were able to envision the ultimate growth and impact of the computer industry and computer usage in Organisation. The growth of computer usage in many types of organisation has created tremendous change in methods and procedures, in information collection and dissemination techniques, in management control processes, and in decision-making activities. As with any type of organisational change, it was to be expected that there would be some resistance by employees against the seemly endless encroachment of the computer into almost all areas of activities. But unlike the earlier major epic change ears of mechanizations and automation, computerization affected primarily the administrative tasks itself. Never before has the process of management been so influenced by changes in the functional areas of planning, organising, staffing and controlling. The background and training of many managerial personnel was for the most part inadequate for the task of understanding and meeting the needs of the highly technological computer world. Consequently, most organisations developed a specialized group of computer professionals who were responsible for the design and development of computerized systems. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Computerization on Business Performance in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospect specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Computerization on Business Performance in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospect specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Computerization on Business Performance in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospect specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The only problem was that many of these computer professional lacked experience and understanding of the various business and managerial activities. The result was that in many organisations there developed a significant gap in communication between management and the computer/data processing departments. Managers lacking a clear understanding of the potential and capabilities of the computer were unable to direct the proper design and development of the newer information system. In many cases, the computer/data processing department filled this void by developing data processing system which were not â€Å"user-oriented. The presence and significance of this communication gap has been somewhat alleviated during the past decade. The aim of this research is to gain insight into the broad impact resulting from the use of computers in contemporary organisations. This study will examine these impacts in the light of their effect on managers and their work and on the techniques and processes that are used in decision making. In addition this research will take a look at the capabilities and limitation of computer as they are used in the design and development of modern information system.

CPR

CPR The building of the Canadian Pacific Railway, an immense expensive and challenging project, demonstrates the uniqueness of the Canadian way of life. The railroad played an essential role in connecting such a vast land as Canada. It brought together various cultures, connected the dispersed population, and protected Canada's unique political system.The CPR was a great contributor to Canada's multiculturalism. With the construction of the CPR, Canada did not have enough workers to complete the job; therefore, people from other countries came to help. Many Americans looking for work came to Canada to work on the CPR, as well as many people from the European countries. At one point during the construction of the CPR, two-thirds of the 9000 workers were Chinese. Although religious intolerance, racial discrimination and political indifferences persecuted immigrants working for the CPR, they persevered and established strong ethnic communities that are still found in the major cities touche d by the CPR.An old CP Rail car outside the Brockville, Ontario...Economically the Canadian Pacific Railway is the backbone to Canada. One of the conditions of British Columbia's entry into confederation in 1871 was that a railway had to be built to connect the East Coast of Canada to the West Coast. To do this, a 5000-kilometer line was built through some of Canada's harshest terrain. After many difficulties, a political scandal, and lots of work, the CPR was completed. On November 7, 1885, five years ahead of schedule, the last spike was driven in at Craigellachie, British Columbia and the confederation of Canada was consolidated. The CPR was ready to begin its transcontinental transportation service. As the only passenger service to many isolated communities, and the producer of Canada's many railway towns, the CPR not only linked Canada's provinces but also its diverse ways of life. Fishing villages, mining cities, and farmlands, the CPR...

Microeconomics - Types of Markets Research Paper

Microeconomics - Types of Markets - Research Paper Example In the long run, the firms are ought to make a normal profit and the market price is determined by the forces of demand and supply. However, an important point to note is the situation in the long run equilibrium. If demand increases to a great extent, the price will rise. Therefore, the demand curve will shift upwards causing firms to make supernormal profits. More firms would join the industry and hence, the price will fall again settling at the equilibrium rate. Also, if the average costs are greater than the average revenue then most firms would go out of business. Once the supply curve falls, prices tend to rise. Perfect competition means there should be no imperfections in the market which may arise due to lack of knowledge or immobility of resources. Nonetheless, these factors are unrealistic in this world. One of the important reasons why perfect competition does not exist in the real world is the economies of scale. In most of the industries, a firm has to be quite large to experience economies of scale. But in perfect competition, firms have an insignificant market share and are too small to achieve economies of scale. Once a firm expands and achieves economies of scale, it would lower its costs and gain market power. The firm can reduce the prices and drive out the smaller firms from the industry. Hence a perfect competition can only survive in an industry where there are no economies of scale. Although the perfectly competitive market model is not applicable to the real world setting, it plays a significant role in economic analysis and policy. The model can be used as a criterion to judge the deficiencies of the real world industries and can help the government to articulate policies towards the betterment of the industry. A single industry that produces a product is called a monopoly. This is not it, however, no close substitutes are present and barriers to enter and exit the market are high.  Such barriers include patents, heavy investments, copyrights or achieving economies of a scale comparable to the monopoly.  

Estate Planning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Estate Planning - Research Paper Example Without a comprehensive estate plan, a significant part of the work you've done throughout your life, both at your job and with your investments, can be lost or given to unintended beneficiaries" (InvestorGuide.com). Estate planning is also important for recipients of social security benefits as "receiving an inheritance may alter his/her social security entitlement. This is particularly prevalent when one member of a couple dies as the survivor is then treated as a single person with lower thresholds under income and assets tests. This means that the levels of assets and income at which the pension starts to reduce and ultimately ceases are reduced which may result in a lower pension or even a complete loss of pension for the beneficiary" (Social security estate planning implications ). Now there are more than one way of planning your estate, especially what to expect after death. The most popular of which is the last will and testament. However, recent developments in finance provides estate planners a better way of handling their estate, that which entails lesser cost, direct or indirect to the heirs: trusts and superannuation. In this particular paper, we will show the many ways in which trust and superannuation supersedes the benefits of the estate planner and their heirs; both through current literatures and through analysis. "A trust is an arrangement under which one person, called a trustee, holds legal title to property for another person, called a beneficiary. You can be the trustee of your own living trust, keeping full control over all property held in trust. A 'living trust' (also called an "inter vivos" trust) is simply a trust you create while you're alive, rather than one that is created at your death" (Nolo). One good thing about living trust is it helps one evade probate, helps reduce taxes and also sets up a long-term property management (Nolo). Trust Versus Will "The Trust owns the legal title to the property in it while you are still alive, and since a Trust does not end at your death, it will still own the property when you die. You put instructions in the Trust for how the Trustee, or person controlling the Trust, should distribute the Trust property, and the Trustee will carry out those directions" (FreeAdvice.com). One important feature about the trust is it can be distributed without necessarily going through the probate process - a "legal process which inherited property goes through in order to transfer the title of the property from the decedent to the beneficiary" (FreeAdvice.com). The main reasons why trusts are advantageous especially for the high net worth individual is it is far less expensive to administer (FreeAdvice.com). On the other hand, "a will is a document that transfers property to others after your death. Because you still own the property at the time you die, all the property transferred in the Will must go through the probate process, which is often slow and costly" (FreeAdvice.com). Below is a summary of the advantages of a trust over a will: Avoid probate - Unlike

Types Of Organisational Change

Types Of Organisational Change My bank is a medium type bank. A new change was introduced during the years 1990 and 2003. The changes introduced to the bank are as followers. The first one was bottom-up-approach and the second was top-down-approach. Senior executives of the bank convinced that it was the right time to bring the change for the benefaction of the bank. Therefore, they introduced quality improvement program, which could reduce cost, by using the existing staff to improve quality and customer service. They brought consultants from abroad. Top level believed that the middle level could enlighten the bottom level employees. However, both the approaches for implementing change failed. Some employees could not accept the new change; the workload was increased and when the new ideas were introduced to the middle management level, there was no response. The senior management had failed its intensions to mobilize middle management commitment and local staff enthusiasm. Force field analysis provides an initial view of change problems that need to be tackled, by identifying forces for and against change based on an understanding of the context of change including the existing culture (Johnson et al. 2008). The distinctive feature of force-field analysis is that it involves organizing the categories in to two board types; those relating to force or pressure for change and those relating to forces or pressures supporting the status quo and resisting change. Lewin (1951) argue that, level of behaviour in any situation as the result of a force field comprising a balance of the forces pushing for change and the forces resisting change. Force Field Diagram Driver Force Restraining Force Quality Improvement Work -Load Cost Reduction Top Level Management External Environment Staffs Technology Training Consultants Recommendation Present Scenario (Hazyes, 2010:129) cccPKNBKMV There are different key drivers can found in the My bank case study. However, technology is the best key driver in the My bank case. All other key drivers related to the technology. Anderson and Tushman (YEAR) point out that technological change is cyclical. Each technology cycle begins with a technological discontinuity. Cost reduction, quality improvement, external environments connected to the technology. If technology will not change other drivers cannot Change in fast way. Different kinds of restrain factors present in the case study. The top-level management like chef executives were the main reason for the failure of the change. Other staffs did not get any support from the top level. After the change, staffs opinion was slightly rejected by the managements. This is the main reason of the failure of the change. According to Nadler (1995), four types of organisational change are there. An Organisations response change is proactive or reactive way. Tuning and adaptation can involve minor or major changes, they are types of change that occur within the same period, and they are bounded by the existing paradigm. Reorientation and re-creation, on the other hand, are types of change that, to use Gersicks analogy, target the playing field and the rules of the game rather than the way a particular game is played. They involve transforming the organisation and bending or breaking the frame to do things differently or to do different things Tuning is change that occurs when there is no immediate requirement to change. Mybank organisational change is related to this part. Mybank became convinced of the benefits of a quality improvement programme for reducing cost. This approach to change tends to be initiated internally in order to make minor adjustments to maintain alignment between the internal elements of the organisation and between the organisations strategy and external environment. Adaptation is an incremental and adaptive response to a pressing external demand for change. Reorientation involves a redefinition of the enterprise. It is initiated in anticipation of future opportunities or problems. Re-creation is a reactive change involves transforming the organisation through the fast and simultaneous change of all its basic elements. Type of Organisational Change Incremental Transformational Proactive Reactive (Nadler et al. 1995:24). Reorientation Tuning Re-creation Adaptation Answer2: Organisational Change involves complex process. Managing this kind of procedure is entirely difficult because they are dynamic. That means complex processes are changing. In these dynamic situations, it is difficult to predict the consequences of its actions. Managing a set of complex activities, each of which is crucial for the overall success of change. These complex tasks needs to be completed effectively in order to change, involves achieve a successful come. Managing change involves four complex tasks. The four tasks are as follows. They are appreciating change, mobilising support, executing change and building change capability. Leadership Appreciating Mobilising Change Support L Building Change Executing change Capability CHANGE MANAGEMENT MODEL Appreciating Change Appreciating Change can give an idea about understanding the forces of stability and change in the organisation. This requires inquiry into routines and mental models that sustain the status quo. An organisation can be changed mainly in two ways. Those are unplanned change and planned change. The Unplanned change, which typically involves changes due to new ideas, conflict between individuals, departments or teams and political and power struggles inside the organisation. Nadler (1987) argues that political behaviour tend to be more intense in times of change because individuals and groups perceive the possibility of upsetting the exiting balance power. Planned change, the change has to be planned. Mybank case study involved the planned change. The appreciation phases aims to make aware of the (a) need for change, (b) consequences of changing and not changing and (c) options that have for undertaking change in the organisation. In the case study, the organisation recognised the neces sary of the appreciating change and understood if this change will happen in the organisation, can achieve cost reduction in house; using exiting staffs to improve the quality and customer service and bank can avoid the inefficient works. The senior executives of Mybank appreciated the change and convinced the benefits of a quality improvement program. Mobilising Support Participation, involvement, and ownership are the crucial for the effective change. The organisational change is both cultural and political involves change in mindsets. This involves influencing, inducing, negotiating, persuading and winning over people to the idea of change. The effective communication strategies are crucial to change management. Getting consent and mobilising support is not an easy process. It requires persistence and patience. Strategic plan have a very important role in mobilising support. Organisational change is a political process. Pettigrew (1972) argue that some may engage in political action for ideological reasons, especially when they are fear that a change may be inconsistent with their values. According to Jick (1993), there are three categories of people who play a role in any change process. They are change strategists, change implements, and change recipients. Change strategists are the people who decide that the organisation needs change and set a direction for the change support. Mybank case managing director and senior executives are the strategists. They are in the top of the position. But strategists cant implements the change. Change implements are the people who are implementing the change by creating new structures, rules, procedures in all process. These people are the middle people of the management team. Mangers, outside consultants and accounting firm are change implementers in the Mybank Cooperation. Change recipients are the third category and people whose jobs change as a result of changes launched in the organisation. These people are usually lower level in an organisation. However, the main success in their hands. These people can make or break the effo rt. These people at the front line directly dealing with clients and customers. The main success depends upon the consent of the people in the organisation. Mybank employees, general staffs, are the change recipients. In 2003, the senior management had failed in its intentions to mobilize middle management commitment and local staffs enthusiasm. The middle management fully activated, but management follow some autocratic style and management fail to adopt the strategy. Executing Change Executing change involves creating and putting in place new structures, processes or procedures. Execution is, perhaps, the most critical aspect of change. Obviously, if an organisation has not managed the previous two tasks well, its change plan or programme will never take off. However, even if an organisation has carefully thought through its change issues and options and has gathered enough support for change, it can still fail at this critical stage. Three critical tasks for change leaders to ensure focus and energy during execution: (a) creating cross-functional linkages in the organisation; (b) aligning policies, procedures and removing structural impediments to performance and change; and (c) creating new routines for continuous improvements and innovations. According to Nilkant (Year), a successful change effort requires: (a) adequate appreciation planning, (b) sufficient support by employees, (c) competent execution by managers, and (d) Change managers with appropriate skill sets and capabilities. Mybank staffs accepted their new changes. However, it was not successful in the bank in both 1990 and 2003. In 2003, they bring a new department and try to join the other department together. The Regional Lending managers activities were not accepted by other departmental mangers. This created a big problem in the organisation. Most of the staffs did not express any interest to new executing change. This is because they were not understood the new system. Who are interested this new changes, did not get any support from their higher level. Building Change Capability A well-known model of change management views organisations as going through long periods of stability punctuated by short bursts of discontinuous change. According to Nilikant (2006), mangers or organisations can build capability in four ways. Those are firstly, individuals and groups build capability. Secondly, individuals and groups build capability when they successfully execute challenging projects. Thirdly, building capability involves paying simultaneous attention to both action and reflection. Fourth, leaders and organisations can help individuals and groups build capability by providing a context that aids action and reflection. Self-efficacy is energy and focus for the capability building. In managing change, self-efficacy is a major determinant for success. Employees with higher levels of self- efficacy can overcome obstacles and challenges that are inevitable part of any change. Efficacy is demonstrated when individuals feel secure in avoiding pseudo solutions. Mybank fai led in their both approach. The main reasons are not cooperation between the staffs and management. Who are motivated in these approaches, did not get support from their top level. Staffs got more workload in their work and staffs were lost the interest to extra works. In this way bank cannot maintain capability. Change Agent A change agent is the individual or group that helps effect strategic change in the organisation. For example, the creator of a strategy may, or may not, be the change agent. He or she may need to rely on others to take lead in effecting changes to strategy (Johnson ET .al 2008). Middle managers and consultants are the change agents in the Mybank case, because they are working together with top level and bottom level people within the organisation. Transition Phases Mod Internalization, Reaction And Learning Denial Shock Depression Consolidation Testing Letting go Acceptance of Reality Time .Answer 3: People going through change experience a variety of emotional and cognitive states. Transitions typically progress through a cycle of reasonably predictable phases .this applies to all kinds of transitions: voluntary and imposed, desirable and undesirable. Often people have little warning of changes and they experience the initial phase of a transition as a shock. Feelings of anxiety and panic can determine their ability to take in the new information, think constructively and plan. Mybank employees faced the same problem when they heard about the new change. Denial phase characterized by a retreat from the reality of change. Depression is the reality of the change becomes apparent and the individual acknowledges things cannot continue. Letting go phase involves accepting reality for what it is. It implies a clear letting go of the past. Testing is more active, creative, experimental involvement in the new situation starts to take place. Consolidation stage progress in progresses in parallel with testing but to begin with there is often more testing and rejecting than testing and consolidating. Internalization, reflection, and learning transition is complete when the changed behaviour is normal and unthinking and is the new natural order of things(Hayes, 2010:216). When a new change program implemented in the Mybank, all the staffs passed in these stages. Some of the staffs were getting struggled and other staffs overcome all the problems. The primary leadership task in change management as creating a positive behavioural context that facilitates inquiry, appreciation, and change. Change management model identifies four core tasks. First, mangers need to be cognitive tuners to appreciate change. Second, mangers need to be people catalysers to mobilise support. Third, managers need to be system architects to execute change. Fourth, managers need to be efficacy builders to build change capability. Leadership Cognitive Tuner The main core task of appreciating change requires a manger to tune into both external business environment and the internal organisational setting. The important thing of the change agent is to understand the external environment and assess the organisational capabilities to address the external changes. The change agent should expose different way. The change agent should seek knowledge in all level and awareness of own metal models and assumptions important. The change agent should recognise the assumptions, if it is necessary or not (Reference). Finally listen other people who are disagreeing with the change agent and do not feel defensive or threatened when others challenge the ideas and thinking. My bank case, cognitive tuning was not effective. The management did not listen to the bottom-level staffs opinions; as a result, employees lost their interest in the new changes. The middle level mangers fail to express their feelings into the top-level management. The way of communic ation was not sufficient between departmental mangers and change agents. People Catalyser Organisational change has an element of loss inherent in the process, and it is a loss that is often deeply felt by employees. The Kubler-Ross grief model addresses the emotional issues associated with change. The four emotional stages experienced throughout the change process may be expressed by employees in behaviours that are obstacles to the process of change. By understanding the emotions employees often encounter during change. It will be better prepared to facilitate the change process (Reference). Kubler- Ross grief stages is applicable in the Mybank case. The staffs were faced the situation in the organisation. But the final stage of the Kubler- Ross was fail in the case, commitment from the employees not good. Between the departments problems created. Kubler -Ross Grief Model Stage 1: Denial People encountering a change initiative might be saying to them, I cant believe this is happening to us. Unresolved fears about the change initiative need to be addressed during this phase. Stage 2: Resistance During this phase, people could attempt to slow down or derail the change initiative, it must be able to spot resistance when it occurs and formulate sound strategies for overcoming it. Stage 3: Exploration If people are not able to stop the changes from occurring, they begin to role of the group are specifically defined in this stage. It is important that unresolved issues that continue to surface be addressed. If trust has been created among the group, then peer influenced can be used to encourage behavioural change. Stage 4: commitment Mutual commitment is established , obstacles have been removed .and the focus is on successful implementation of the changes The change management need to catalyse people by building support, manufacturing consent and facilitating cognitive shifts in organisational members. The change agents need to be communicators, persuaders and negotiators. The change agent prepares himself before engaging the people. For influencing the people the agent can utilise all the media and forums. In decision-making time, change agent role is important. There is no chance to run away from the situations. The change should get trust and respect from others, in this way they can develop the credibility. In the case study, at a particular level, the consultants engaged the people and they fail to utilise the forums and media in the organisation. The middle levels mangers did not get the much trust and respect from the staffs. Systems Architect The change agents need to create the systems, process and routines to execute the change plan or agenda. This involves setting explicit goals, establishing cross-functional teams and monitoring progress (Nilikant). In this stage, the change agent role is very important. In the organisation, he/she should clarify individual roles and contribution. The person who selected is SMART or not. Moreover, other team leaders selection responsibility will come under the change agent. Co-ordination between other staffs will come under the change mangers control. Change mangers need to identify the organisational past practices, procedures, and polices and it should eliminate them properly. Mybank change fails in these areas. The selection of the other team leaders performance was not good. They were not SMART. If they are SMART, the change will be successful. Under the control of the middle managers, conducted meetings but fail to share the new ideas and solve current problems after the change. Efficacy Builder The mangers need to make organisational members have faith in their ability to learn, overcome obstacles and engage in change. Jim Collins argues that the effective leaders do not motivate people. They help people motivate themselves. A significant aspect of building change capability is to build a repository of organisational knowledge that captures insights from peoples tacit experiences. Building change capability is closely related to the core task of appreciating change. Store and share the knowledge is very important for a change manager. Renewal must become as important as cash flow or profit maximisation. Organisational members are aware that change mangers are observing what they say and what they do, and they may be making judgements about them and their future role. Mybank case change management selected some people for the leadership positions. However, that staffs were not successes in a particular level. Some of the departments in Mybank were not given any preference to the change mangers. This is one of the reasons to fail change implication in Mybank and plan of joining of the two departments was not success. This was due to the inefficient leadership and responsibility by the change mangers. The change ag Answe4: Recommendation Conclusion